Hartati Hartati, Hartono Hartono, Suriati Eka Putri, Rizal Irfandi, Satria Putra Jaya Negara, Fastabiqul Khaeratih, Sahribulan Sahribulan
The present study aims to develop and characterize a Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS) formulation containing a combination of Swietenia mahagoni Jacq. (mahogany) seed extract and Peperomia pellucida L. (pepper elder) leaf extract as a potential antidiabetic therapy. Physicochemical characterization demonstrated that the best SNEDDS possessed a homogeneous globule size distribution (11.29 ±0.88 nm), a zeta potential of –10.33 mV, and a polydispersity index (PDI) value of 0.35 ± 0.29, indicating excellent stability and uniformity of the nanoemulsion system. Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis identified four major fatty acid methyl esters, namely methyl oleate (61.17%), methyl palmitate (8.07%), methyl stearate (6.20%), and methyl linoleate (6.48%), demonstrating that the oil phase was rich in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), particularly oleic acid. These bioactive lipids contribute to enhanced insulin sensitivity and reduced inflammation, supporting the antidiabetic mechanism of the formulation. In vivo studies in diabetic rats showed that SNEDDS formulation significantly reduced blood glucose levels, with the highest reduction observed in the SMSC1A (FB 1:1) group, showing a glucose-lowering effect of up to approximately 82% compared to post-induction levels. Molecular docking analysis using the free fatty acid form (9-octadecenoic acid) against protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) provided supportive mechanistic insight into the potential role of unsaturated fatty acids in modulating insulin signaling. Overall, the results indicate that the developed SNEDDS enhances the delivery of bioactive phytoconstituents and exhibits promising antidiabetic potential. Copyright: ©2025 The authors.
Department of Biology, Universitas Negeri Makassar, Makassar, 90224, Indonesia; Department of Chemistry, Universitas Negeri Makassar, Makassar, 90224, Indonesia; Postgraduate Student of Biotechnology, Universitas Negeri Makassar, Makassar, 90224, Indonesia
