Sri Astuty, Marhawati, Diah Retno Dwi Hastuti, Wirawan Setialaksana
This study examines the impact of age, education, performance, caregiving responsibilities, and leisure time among 302 female Indonesian lecturers using PLS-SEM. Results show that age and education increase productivity and income but reduce leisure time, while higher performance lowers both income and leisure time. The presence of a toddler mitigates performance's negative effect on leisure, while education buffers its impact on income. Findings highlight work-life balance challenges, emphasizing the need for flexible workloads and institutional support. Despite its cross-sectional design, this study offers insights into gendered work structures in academia, particularly in emerging markets. © 2025 Elsevier Ltd
Economics Department, Universitas Negeri Makassar, Indonesia; Informatics and Computer Engineering Education, Universitas Negeri Makassar, Indonesia
